1. Phonics: Building on what was learned in first grade, second-grade students need to learn more complex sound-letter patterns and how to use them to decode and spell words.
2. Vocabulary: Students need to continue to learn new words and their meanings through context, word-picture associations, and root words.
3. Reading comprehension: Students need to learn how to make connections between what they read and their own experiences, as well as how to identify the main idea and details in a text.
4. Grammar: Students need to learn more advanced grammar concepts such as verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and punctuation.
5. Writing: Students need to learn how to write complete sentences and short paragraphs, as well as how to use transitional words and phrases.
6. Handwriting: Students need to continue to improve their handwriting legibility and neatness.
7. Speaking and listening: Students need to learn how to participate in group discussions and presentations, as well as how to ask and answer questions.
8. Literature: Students need to be exposed to a variety of literature, such as folktales, fables, and myths, and learn how to analyze and interpret them.
9. Poetry: Students need to learn about different types of poetry, such as rhyme scheme and figurative language, and how to write their own poems.
10. Informational text: Students need to learn how to understand and analyze nonfiction texts, such as articles and biographies, and how to locate information using text features.

It’s important to note that these are just some of the topics that second-grade students should learn, and that the specific curriculum and objectives will vary depending on the school district and state. Additionally, as a teacher, you should also be aware of different learning styles and strategies to adapt the teaching to meet the needs of all students.

Essential Vocabulary that second graders need to learn.

1. Sight words: Second-grade students need to continue to learn and practice basic sight words, as well as more advanced sight words such as “said,” “have,” “like,” “come,” “good,” etc.
2. High-frequency words: Students need to learn words that are commonly used in reading and writing, such as “because,” “before,” “could,” “should,” etc.
3. Nouns: Students need to learn how to identify and use nouns in sentences, including common nouns and proper nouns.
4. Verbs: Students need to learn how to identify and use verbs in sentences, including action verbs and linking verbs.
5. Adjectives: Students need to continue to learn how to use adjectives to describe nouns, such as “big,” “happy,” “red,” etc.
6. Pronouns: Students need to learn how to use personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns.
7. Adverbs: Students need to learn how to use adverbs to describe verbs, such as “quickly,” “loudly,” “gently,” etc.
8. Prepositions: Students need to learn how to use prepositions to show location, such as “in,” “on,” “under,” “beside,” etc.
9. Conjunctions: Students need to learn how to use conjunctions to connect words, phrases, and clauses, such as “and,” “or,” “but,” “because,” etc.
10. Interjections: Students need to learn how to use interjections to express emotions, such as “Oh!” “Wow!” “Yay!” “Ouch!” etc.

It’s important to note that these are just some of the words that second-grade students should learn, and the specific vocabulary will vary depending on the school district and state. Also, as a teacher, you should also be aware of different learning styles and strategies to adapt the teaching to meet the needs of all students.