1. Vocabulary: Students should continue to expand their vocabulary by learning new words and their meanings through context, word-picture associations, and root words. They should also learn how to use context clues to determine the meaning of unknown words.
2. Reading comprehension: Students should learn how to analyze and interpret various types of literature, including novels, poetry, and nonfiction texts. They should also learn how to make inferences, draw conclusions, and summarize information.
3. Grammar: Students should learn more advanced grammar concepts such as sentence structure, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and the use of commas, semicolons, colons, apostrophes, quotation marks, and grammar rules for formal writing.
4. Writing: Students should learn how to write different types of essays, including persuasive, expository, and narrative. They should also learn how to revise and edit their own writing, and use descriptive language.
5. Research: Students should learn how to conduct research using various sources and how to cite sources correctly.
6. Media literacy: Students should learn how to critically evaluate different forms of media, such as news articles, advertisements, and social media.
7. Speaking and listening: Students should learn how to give effective oral presentations, ask and answer questions, and participate in group discussions.
8. Literature: Students should be exposed to a variety of literature, including novels, poetry, and nonfiction texts, and learn how to analyze and interpret them.
9. Writing skills: Students should learn to write different types of texts, such as persuasive, expository, and narrative and learn how to revise and edit their own writing.
10. Public speaking: Students should learn the basics of public speaking, such as organizing and delivering a speech, using proper body language, and dealing with stage fright.
11. Rhetoric and composition: Students should learn the principles of rhetoric and composition, including argumentation, style, audience, and purpose.

Essential Vocabulary that 10th Graders need to learn.

1. Sight words: Eight-grade students should continue to learn and practice advanced sight words, as well as irregular sight words that don’t follow regular phonics rules.
2. High-frequency words: Students should learn words that are commonly used in reading and writing, such as “although,” “because,” “before,” “could,” “should,” etc.
3. Vocabulary: Students should learn words that are specific to certain subject matter, such as science, social studies, math, and literature.
4. Root words: Students should learn the meanings of root words and how to use them to determine the meaning of other words.
5. Synonyms and Antonyms: Students should learn words that have similar or opposite meanings, and how to use them to expand their vocabulary and improve their writing.
6. Homophones: Students should learn words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings, such as “flower” and “flour” and “their” and “there”
7. Idioms: Students should learn common idioms and phrases and their meanings, such as “the ball is in your court” and “the cat’s out of the bag”
8. Prefixes and suffixes: Students should learn how to add prefixes and suffixes to base words to create new words, such as “unhappy,” “recover,” “happily,” “unbelievable.”
9. Homonyms: Students should learn words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, such as “bass” the fish and “bass” the musical instrument
10. Greek and Latin roots: Students should learn Greek and Latin roots and how they are used to create words, such as “tele” means far and “graph” means to write, so “telegraph” is a way to write from far.